Europe has had the most diverse history than any other county in the world while impacting the history of the other continents. Without Europe, the Americas would not have been explored nor founded. Eastern Asia probably wouldn't be as successful as it is now without aid from Europe. Most of the resources not available in Africa came from Europe. Economic power could be very different such as the most powerful being Egypt or Israel (Rosenfeld). There have been multiple, powerful nations throughout Europe's history such as: Greece, Turkey, Italy, Spain, Germany, Britain and France.
Alongside Greece, Rome was one of the greatest nations in ancient civilizations, but 300 years after the turn of the era, the Roman Empire disbanded into the east and the west, the Holy Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire (Barraclough). The Holy Roman Empire is extremely related to the German and Spanish history who were extremely sporadic in government and culture, but the Byzantine Empire is extremely related to Italian history who preserved multiple Roman ideals. The Romans invented aqueducts which were one of the world's original forms of irrigation. The Byzantine Empire created some of the world's largest aqueducts for defense and giving water to crops and the people. The capital of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople, was strategically located because it was located in primary trade routes between Asia and Europe so Constantinople was receiving a variety of goods (The Byzantine). Some of these goods came from Italian trade routes when the Byzantine Empire conquered Italy of the Holy Roman Empire to use authentic Rome to restore power (Jarus). Then the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople destabilizing the Byzantine Empire by using weapons unknown to Byzantine Empire, the cannon (The). Once Constantinople was conquered, the Ottomans renamed the city to what it is currently named as: Istanbul. Then the ottomans were able to obtain enormous power form, Venice, Italy because the Ottoman Empire was able to get a valuable spice, pepper. Pepper was able to mask the disgusting taste in foods so foods that did not smell edible became edible (Kilham). This gave the Ottoman Empire a neutral relationship with Italy by returning the favor with giving Italy grain (Green, John "Venice). From there, the Ottoman Empire attempt to gain more land with brute force. However, the Ottoman Empire had affects and multiple conflicts with multiple nations. In 1821, France, Britain and Russian forced the Ottoman Empire to forfeit their reign over the remaining Greek city-states and let them become an independent nation in 1830 (Esler 275). Then the Spanish, Austrians, Russians and the Hungarians forced the Ottoman Empire out of Central Europe into the Middle East (Esler 346). Then the Ottoman Empire was slowly revolted against by its North African land and slowly transferred north limiting the Ottoman Empire of valuable trade items (Esler 401). Finally in WWI, the Ottoman Empire was abolished and replaced with the Republic of Turkey. However, to gain independence, many native Armenians' food supplies were depleted killing them in the process or the migrated to what is now the county of Armenia (Sansal). After the division of the Roman Empire, nomadic tribes from present day Germany and Denmark invaded the Empire. The city of Rome was pillaged by the Visigoths in 410 who had political control of Italy until the next pillage by the Ostrogoth in 546 (Andrews). The Ostrogoth was ruled by a former Byzantine captive, Theodoric. His knowledge of the classic civilizations and nomadic tribes allowed him to settle the Ostrogoth in Italy while incorporating Germanic and roman traditions. (Willis). In the process, Theodoric looted much of the Italian food supply, almost destroying all remains of ancient Roman blood. (Andrews). Then in 776 the Germanic tribes bestowed the Holy Roman Empire to Carloman who died bestowing the throne to his brother Charlemagne. Charlemagne united the nations and city-states in Europe creating the Holy Roman Empire that lasted for many centuries (Chew). With all of the nations of western Europe united, trade became extremely important to keep political and economic peace. An example of trade leading to peace is the Italians in Venice trading pepper and boats with the Ottoman Empire. Rivers in Europe formed the primary trade routes in Europe and most of them intersected in Italy. The pope also lived in Italy which collected people to Italy. Also, Italy had the most money within itself due to the number of banks with Italy (Ray). However, all was short lived because the black plague also known as bubonic plague struck Europe. A few fleas were able to cause extreme destruction to Europe by killing one third of Europeans in: Spain, Italy, France, Britain, Germany and other places in Europe; however, the bubonic was not entirety a negative aspect of European history (Richard). New construction techniques were created such as using brick and tile to build houses. Nurses and doctors were at a higher demand distributing money differently because the church was not doing their healing responsibilities properly (Green, John "Disease!). After the black plague, the European people attempted to keep balance with the church. At this point in history, Italy and Spain were one nation due to their similar religion and prior history with Germanic tribes. The balance with the church lasted for about a century called the Renaissance where the people took ideas from the past millennia and combined them with Greek and Roman ideals. This included art of Jesus and Mary in Greek and Roman times using an art style called humanism that focused on real human features. With these new forms of art, everyone with money wanted to be portrayed so artist gain more money. Those without money used the Renaissance as a time for spiritual evaluation when the Bible was being printed for the public. The people then realized how corrupt the church had become during that time. This began the Protestant Reformation which was a series of disagreements between the church and the people. Finally the King of Spain, Charles V, signed the Peace of Augsburg that allowed the monarchy to decide the religion of the nation. Spain and Italy remained Catholic even when Charles V gave the Holy Roman Empire to his son Philip II. During Philip II's reign, he had many conflicts with the Ottoman Empire regarding the Netherlands and Greece, but by dismantling Italian and Ottoman spice and boat trade, Philip II was able to force the Ottoman Empire out of Greece. Since the Italians were part of Spain, the Italians did not need the Ottoman Empire for spice, they had Latin America (Esler). Italy and Spain remained in peace, colonizing Latin America until the French Revolution. Napoleon separated Italy and Spain putting his brother Joseph on the Spanish Throne causing the Haitian revolutions. After the chaotic reign of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna put Louis XVIII as king of France and Joseph Bonaparte remained king of Italy (Lambert). This was the first time since ancient Rome that Italy was not dependent on other nations. All Italy did was use the industrial revolution innovations to keep their population steady. 150 years after the black plague, the Italian population was restored, but never improved. War with the Ottomans could not grow the population. Then Italy was receiving their spices from Latin America who spread syphilis into Europe, but by the age of Napoleon, syphilis was out of Italy (Green, John "Venice). Anyway, revolution was spreading throughout Europe so there was a revolt in Italy removing the Austrians from northern Italy (Esler). However, in 1866, Italy joined in wars with Prussia and France. I doing so, Italy lost much of its population, but was able to preserve its land. Then in WWII, Italy attempted to remain neutral during the war, but Britain invaded the Italian territory of Ethiopia. Finally Italy is able to restore its internal peace when religion and politics agree about where the capital should be located and eliminating poverty in northern Italy.
Spain also previously part of the Roman Empire, but Rome did not make a large impact on Spain. After Rome was divided, Spain was ruled by the the Germanic tribe of the Vandals, but a few years, the Vandals were expelled by the Visigoths (Willis). During reign of the Visigoths, Clotilde, daughter of French King Clovis and Saint Clotilde, married Amalaric, King of the Visigoths, converting Spain to Catholicism (Lewis). In the seventh century, Islam was spreading into northern Africa (Oakes). Then spread north into Spain across the Strait of Gibraltar in 711 (Noakes). The transition for Islam in Spain was extremely smoothly creating peaceful religious diversity in Spain (Vankin). The Islamic Spanish participated in Ramadan, "The month of Ramadan's the one, In which was sent down Al-Quran: A guide to humankind, with proofs, Most clear of Guidance and Furqan; Thus every one among you who is present, During this month, shall fast therein, And anyone who's ill or on a journey, Fast days of the same number later on: God wishes for you every ease, He wishes you no difficulties; And He desire that you should fast in full, So, for His guiding you, glorify Allah, Perhaps you will be grateful" (The Quran Sura 2.1.85). Ramadan gave the Spanish sporadic increases within its food supply. In doing so, the Spanish population grew due to fasting unhealthy foods. Gradually, the amount of Muslims increased and the amount of Catholics decreased, but the monarchs remain Catholic. In response the King of Spain Ferdinand II and Spanish Queen of Italy Isabella I instituted the Spanish Inquisition. In doing so, they killed thousands of people and the food supply decreased (Burstein). However, Ferdinand and Isabella deployed Christopher Columbus to travel to specific islands for discovery (Host). In doing so Christopher Columbus proved the earth was round and discovered North and South America. During discovery, Columbus initiated the Colombian Exchange. The Colombian Exchange was the exchange of: plants, animals and diseases between Spain and Latin America. Spain was introduced to many new foods such as: corn, potatoes, and cassava, and a new source of food (Crosby). Then Maximilian I issued the colonization of the new world for Spain. Soon Spain was becoming an economic force. Spain was trading spices with Italy. Spain was trading Silver with China that was coming from the Latin American Mountains. Maximilian's child was the most powerful of the Spanish Monarchs, Charles V. Charles V was ruler over: Spain, the Holy Roman Empire and all of Latin America (Spahn). In Latin America, Charles V issued missions in Latin America for converting their religion for those who remained after being slaughtered by smallpox (Green, John "Charles). Once in Latin America the Spanish found silver and used that silver for their own use or for trading with China (Green, John "The Spanish). China traded with Spain and exchanged: tea, silk and porcelain. Then China began trading with Britain for opium which put Spain without transaction (Pomeranz). Gradually, beginning in 1820, revolts began in Latin America causing Spain lose its resource of food. Spain negatively reaped this after their Glorious Revolution in 1854 with a food crisis. Spain was in such debt that the government had their grains exported for money instead of feeding their people (Roma). Then in 1885, Spain participated in the Berlin conference also has the Scramble for Africa where they obtained the smallest territories of: Rio de Oro, Spanish Morocco and Spanish Guinea (The Berlin). With these territories, Spain was only able to obtain fish and camels from Rio de Oro because there is not much in the desert that is next to the Atlantic Ocean besides fish, camel and sand (Vazquezl). Spain's other large colony was Spanish Morocco who bordered Spain who ironically converted Spain to Islam 1200 years earlier (Noakes). France owned the other part of Morocco who wanted to avoid the Natives Africans from becoming independent so France supported Spain to keeps its colony who Spain was not benefiting from, only losing soldiers to the natives and the geography (Urteaga). Finally in 1975, Spain forfeits their colonies gaining a temporary stagnancy in their debt. All other European nations knew about Spain's debt and attempted to help on multiple occasions especially in WWII. Spain remained politically neutral with Germany never invading. Portugal gives Spain grains to help with its famine. To stop the Germans, Britain cancels North African trade with everyone, but themselves and Spain (Spirko). Without help and aid from other nations and the very little resources from Rio de Oro, Spain could be in a similar financial situation to Greece because they got into debt when switching to the euro in 2001 (Melvin). Spain got into debt during the reign of Charles V and from switching to the peso with the silver from Latin American mines the the early 1500's (Green, John "The Spanish). Who knows, Spain might go bankrupt soon.
Similar to Spain, France was part of the Roman Empire and were then ruled by the Vandals, but instead of being expelled by the Visigoths, the Vandals were expelled by the Franks (Willis). The Franks were pagan until their king's second marriage with Saint Clotilde converted France to Catholicism (Lewis). Then in 776 the Germanic tribes bestowed the Holy Roman Empire to Carloman who died bestowing the throne to his brother Charlemagne. Charlemagne united the nations and city-states in Europe creating the Holy Roman Empire that lasted for many centuries (Chew). Now Charlemagne's successors created a social hierarchy called Feudalism where the monarch had absolute authority and the rich nobles were below them. Then the knights and soldiers and the peasants were below them. This did not become widely used in France and the rest of Europe until the tenth century and continued for about eight centuries (Gascoigne). When France did use Feudalism, the nobles had power and control over the food supply because the peasants worked on their land and grew the nation's crops (Feudal). Distribution among the crops was extremely biased because to obtain the food from the noble's merchants' you needed money. The peasants did not have the money to purchase the crops they were growing. Especially when only the peasants paid all of the nation's taxes for the multiple wars that France participated in such as the: 100 years war, the crusades, 7 years war, 30 years war and the war of Spanish succession (Esler). This system lasted for almost a millennia with a few changes such as changes knights to clergy, but everything changed during the French Revolution. Since the French diet during that time mostly consisted of bread, a rise in grain prices caused protest and riots (Bramen). The first revolt was in 1789 because there was a rumor that the Queen, Marie Antoinette was hording grains which caused the women's march to Versailles. Then after a series of conflicts, France and Prussia agreed through the Declaration of Pillnitz to restore French monarchy and to invade Austria to obtain some grain. However, Prussia betrayed the French causing the French National Assembly to vote to have the French Monarch killed (Green, John "The French). Similar conflicts over food were happening in the French colony in Saint-Domingo, previously and currently known as Haiti. Slaves were the majority of the population and were growing sugar in brutal conditions for the French producing 40% of the world's sugar. As revolts were happening in France, revolts began in Haiti about the living conditions for almost everyone. Conflicts continued and in 1793, Spain encouraged the slave revolt and the British began fighting the French in Haiti with the slaves simultaneously. Finally, France frees all slaves in Haiti and in 1802, Haiti becomes independent. However, in France, they were changing their types of government and became a consulate with Napoleon Bonaparte as consul (Green, John "Haitian). Napoleon began multiple wars which put France needing a great deal of money, but Napoleon used Haiti to get money to make more wars and selling the Spanish Louisiana Territory to the United States. For a brief period of time, Napoleon had control over all of Europe except for Britain and Russia and during that time, the French people adored Napoleon (Markham). At the end of his reign, Napoleon had France not in debt and Europe realized that they did not have to endure through monarchs and could have autonomy. In 1848, after many more revolts, France ended its monarchy government and elected Napoleon III who began restoring the French economy which caused massive starvation in France due to poor harvests and people losing jobs (Esler). In the 1870's Britain was East Africa so to counter Britain, France began Imperializing West Africa along side Spain and Italy. Unlike how France treated Haiti, France did not have people coming to live in Africa, France just used: Algeria, Senegal, Sudan, Dahomey, and the Ivory Coast for natural resources (Jones). Then one of French territories began revolting and becoming independent not letting France get the necessary resources to thrive. France asked Spain to help prevent the Native Africans from obtaining independence so France could resources until Morocco gained Independence in 1956 (Treaty).
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